unit 2 seance 6 Jack the ripper 

🔪 Jack the Ripper's Unsolved Mystery Between August and November 1888, at least five women were brutally murdered in London’s East End. The killer, known as Jack the Ripper, vanished without a trace, leaving behind fear, confusion, and a legacy of mystery. Despite intense police efforts and public outcry—including criticism from Queen Victoria—the case was never solved. Over 130 years later, Jack the Ripper remains a chilling and captivating figure, partly due to his shadowy presence, savage crimes, and the eerie atmosphere of Victorian London.

grammar :obligation in the past 

Obligation in the Past

To express obligation in the past, use HAD TO + base verb for all persons: She had to tell the truth.

The absence of obligation in the past is expressed by adding the auxiliary DID in the negative form: She didn’t have to tell the truth.

Alternatively, you can use expressions like: be forced to / be made to / be compelled to / be obliged to

These expressions carry nuances. Be forced to and be made to indicate that the obligation comes from an external source and is beyond our control we have no choice: He was disgusted but he was forced to eat the full plate. She was made to clean her room.

Be compelled to and be obliged to can be more nuanced, especially when used with the verb FEEL: feel compelled to / feel obliged to

In this case, the obligation may come from within oneself: I felt obliged to do it because I knew no one else could do it. I didn’t have to, but I felt compelled to tell her the truth.